How to Start Cashew Farming in Nigeria

Cashew farming in Nigeria offers numerousopportunities in the value chain for any individual willing to invest; let’slearn more!

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is a tree crop, a small to medium tree, generally single-trunked and spreading in habit, up to 10-12m in height. In older trees, the spread may be greater than height, with lower limbs bending to touch the ground. Leaves are thick, prominently veined, oval to spatulate in shape, with blunt tips and entire margins.

Most cashew trees start bearing fruit in the third or fourth year, and are likely to reach their mature yield by the seventh year if conditions are favourable. The average yield of nuts of a mature tree is in the range of 7-11 kg per annum. Although the cashew tree is capable of living for 50-60 years, most trees produce nuts for about 15-20 years. In this post, we will tell you all about cashew farming in Nigeria.

What’s the Importance of Cashew Farming?

The cashew tree has been cultivated for food and medicine for 400 year. The various parts of the cashew fruits are of economic value. These include the apple, nut, and kernel.

Cashew Apple or false fruit

This is an edible food, rich in vitamin C. It can be dried, canned as a preserve, or eaten fresh from the tree. It can also be squeezed for fresh juice, which can then be fermented into cashew wine, which is a very popular drink in West Africa. In Brazil, the cashew apple is used to manufacture jams, and soft, and alcoholic drinks.

Cashew wine

Cashew wine is made in many countries throughout Asia and Latin America. It is a light yellow alcoholic drink, with an alcohol content of 6–12 percent.

Cashew nut kernel

The primary product of cashew nuts is the kernel, which is the edible portion of the nut and is consumed in three ways:

• Directly by the consumer;
• As roasted and salted nuts;
• In confectionery and bakeryproducts, for example, finely chopped kernels are used in the production ofsweets, ice creams, cakes and chocolates, both at home and industrially, and aspaste to spread on bread.

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)

This is a vicious and dark liquid, which is extremely caustic. It is an important and versatile industrial raw material. There are more than 200 patents for its industrial application, in particular, its use as raw material for phenolic resins and friction powder for the automotive industry (brake linings and clutch disks).

CNSL is also used in mouldings, acid-resistant paints, foundry resins, varnishes, enamels and black lacquers for decorating vases, and as insecticides and fungicides.

In tropical medicine, CNSL has been used intreating leprosy, elephantiasis, psoriasis, ringworm, warts and corns. Likecashew nuts, CNSL also has an excellent international market and its importshave reached almost US$10 million annually, corresponding to the sale of theraw liquid.  However, the exportingcountry would earn much more foreign currency if manufactured products wereexported.

Cashew farming in Nigeria offers numerousopportunities in the value chain for any individual willing to invest. Millionsof Nigerians make fortunes from cashew farming yearly due to the high demandfor its products. Cashew is mainly grown in Nigeria because of the export valueof its nuts. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Nigeriais the 6th largest exporter of Cashew nut in the world.

Cashew is native to Brazil but introduced to other parts of the world starting from the 16th century with the main intention of afforestation and soil conservation. It has become a major source of foreign exchange in most of these countries.

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The Cashew-Producing States in Nigeria

Cashew grows almost everywhere in Nigeria but is concentrated primarily in the southern and middle belt regions by small landholding farmers. This is very important about cashew farming in Nigeria. Major cashew-growing states in Nigeria are Enugu, Abia, Imo, Anambra, Ebonyi, and Cross River States in the Eastern part of Nigeria; Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, and Ogun States in the western part. Others are Kwara, Kogi, Nasarawa, Benue, Taraba, Niger and Abuja in the middle belt, and also Sokoto and Kebbi state in the Northwest part of the country.

What is Cashew Season in Nigeria?

Cashew is a typical tropical plant and fruit-sensitivetree crop that starts fruiting from February and lasts till near rainy seasonin Nigeria. Its fruits are freshly harvested within this period for processingand consumption. Also, the nuts, when fresh, are normally sold raw or processedto some degree before being sold or exported.

Cashew Varieties

• Brazilian cashew
• Chinese cashew
• Indian cashew

The Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN)has produced hybrid cashew nuts, which mature and produce fruits within 3years; an example is the Jumbo hybrid. The seedling of cashew plant for one is350 naira. Improved seedlings are Jumbo, Medium, and small.

Land Preparation

To begin cashew farming in Nigeria you need to acquire a land as it is not advisable to lease one since cashew farming is a long-term investment. So, consider buying the land in the village and securing it by getting the necessary papers.

The best soil to use is sandy soil withlaterite. Clear grasses and cut down shrubs and trees. Use machines to ploughand levelled the land. Test the soil for nutrient level, then add manure to thesoil if the nutrient level is low. Cashew farming can be done both in wet anddry tropics.

Planting

Planting cashew from seed is as stressful asthat of coffee and oil palm. It is advisable you buy already sprouted seedlingsfrom an established nursery with good species. Or propagated plants theseedlings take 3 years to produce while the direct ones (seed planting) take 5years to produce.

Cashew plants that are raised directly fromseeds are tasteless and fruitless. For commercial purposes, go for the graftedones.

If you want to plant by yourself, usecontainers or plant directly into a prepared bed. Insert 2-3 seeds into a holeof 2-3 cm depth.

Irrigate the nursery every day after 4-7 daysthe seeds will sprout. Like in coffee farming use fresh seed. The viabilitylast from the first day to 4 months after which reduction sets in. Dry theseeds under the sun for 3 days. Then, soak them in water overnight beforeplanting them the next day. The general spacing is 7m x 9m; however, you canstill use these planting distances:

• 8m x 5m will give you 100seedlings on a hectare
• 7.5 x 7.5 will give 175 perhectare
• 8m x 8m will give you 156 perhectare

Inter-crop with cassava, plantain, pineapple atan early stage before the cashew tree grows and cover the farm if you can.

Fertilization

Apply nitrogen, phosphorus and zincfertilizers. Cashew crops need nutrients at every point in their development togrow faster and to produce good fruits such as fruiting and flowering stage. Applyfarmyard manure 15kg once in a year to a mature cashew tree.

Irrigation

Irrigate your cashew farm during dry season orwhen draught sets in. To produce more fruits, water them adequately andregularly, during raining season there is no need for watering the plant butirrigate them once in a week or twice during dry season. In cashew farming, 25⁰C-30⁰C temperature is ideal for optimum growth. 6 hours of direct sunlight is neededevery day. If you make the mistake of growing them under shade, they will notfruit.

Pruning/Mulching in Cashew Farming

Cashew plants are pruned, cut off from entangledbranches, and removed from overcrowded area to give room to clean straightbranches. Use compost manure in mulching the entire farm to reduce weeds growthand to conserve moisture.

Pest/Diseases

Pest and diseases alsoaffect the production level of the established plantation.

The following insectshave been identified to affect cashew:

• stemgirdler (Analeptes trifasciata),
• red-bandedthrips (Selenothrips rubrocinctus)
• fruitscrapper  (Pachnoda cordata )
• Rootborer (Plocaecderus ferrugineus L.)

These insect specieshave been implicated with economic losses estimate between 52 and 75% of theproduction level.

Similarly, cashewproduction is seriously affected by three major diseases. These include

• Floralshoot die-back (caused by Lasiodiplodiatheobromae (Pat) Giffon and Maubl.)
• Twigdie-back (caused by L. theobromae)and
• Rootrot of cashew seedlings (caused by Pythiumultimum, Trow.).

Floral shoot die-backreduces total nut yield by an average of 38-70%.

Twig die-back cause’smore than 50% death of vegetative shoot of cashew.

The loss due to rootrot of cashew seedlings was estimated at 10-15% in the nursery.

Harvesting/Drying of Cashew Nuts

The ripe fruit starts dropping from lateJanuary. Before the trees starts dropping clear around the trees. Remove anyplant residue, grasses and other weeds around the tree to allow for effectivepicking of the raw cashew nuts.

When the fruit falls, it therefore means theyare matured. Pick the nuts within 2 to 3 days of falling to avoid qualityreduction.

Use sharp knife to detach the apple from thenut ineffective detaching of the nuts would affect the quality. Dry them on aclean surface and keep turning them frequently to ensure uniform drying.

Don’t dry them indoors because they would be adelay in drying which can lead to decay. Do not also dry them on a metallic surface because of rust. When thenuts are well dried they would produce rattling sound when turned.

The drying may take few days such as 2-3 butalways carry them inside during dusk to avoid moisture entering the nut.

How toStore Cashew Nuts

Cashew nuts can be stored in jute bags and notin containers, sacks, plastics or their likes, stitch the jute bag to avoidspoilage. 

Place the bags on wooden pallets in a dry placewith good ventilation. Don’t place them on the floor to avoid moistureabsorption that may spoil them.

Leave a space of 0.5m between each bag for airto circulate properly, sell the nuts within the same year of harvest to avoidnuts deterioration.

Marketing

Locate companies that buy them for export, they are mostly based in Lagos. Indians have a good representative of cashew companies in Nigeria. You can also sell directly to foreign buyers.

To do this, go to online portals like Alibaba,type in cashew nut buyers, and you would be presented with a list of buyers.Open a conversation with any of them that fancy your interest and get a deal. Ifyou don’t want to go through all of this, then you can advertise it online fordistributors and suppliers to come and buy from you.

But processing it is where the big money is.The raw cashew nuts sells far less than the processed kernel.

Constraints

There are constraints on cashew farming in Nigeria like any business.

• Local buying agents play avital role in the cashew supply chain in Nigeria, and there is the tendency forproduction to increase whenever there are many agents trying to securesupplies. The agents penetrate in villages in producing areas, in order tosource supplies. Competition, especially when export prices are attractive,tends to develop between established buyers and local firms.
• Poor handling of cashewproduction and defective export packaging processes for the internationalmarket may be costing Nigeria about N177bn annually.
• Problems associated withacquisition of large expanse of land and initial capital outlay also affect theinvestment in the cultivation of cashew in Nigeria.

Conclusion

Wrapping up this article on cashew farming inNigeria, cashew is produced in around 32 countries of the world. The worldproduction figure of cashew crop is around 2.7 million tons per annum.

The major raw cashew producing countries with their production figures in 2005 (as per the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization) are Vietnam (960,800 tons), Nigeria (594,000), India (460,000 tons), Brazil (147,629 tons) and Indonesia (122,000 tons).

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